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Crisis has four defining characteristics. Seeger, Sellnow and Ulmer[1] explain that a crises are "
specific, unexpected, and non-routine events or series of events that [create] high levels of uncertainty
and threat or perceived threat to an organization's high priority goals." Thus the first three
characteristics are that the event is 1. unexpected (i.e., a surprise), 2. creates uncertainty, and 3.
is seen as a threat to important goals. Venette[2] argues that "crisis is a process of transformation
where the old system can no longer be maintained." Therefore the fourth defining quality is the need
for change. If change is not needed, the event could more accurately be described as a failure.
Crisis communication can be broadly defined as the exchange of information before, during, or after a
crisis event (as defined above).
Crisis communication is sometimes considered a sub-specialty of the public relations profession that is
designed to protect and defend an individual, company, or organization facing a public challenge to its
reputation. These challenges may come in the form of an investigation from a government agency, a
criminal allegation, a media inquiry, a shareholders lawsuit, a violation of environmental regulations,
or any of a number of other scenarios involving the legal, ethical, or financial standing of the entity.
Crisis communication professionals preach that an organization’s reputation is often its most valuable
asset. When that reputation comes under attack, protecting and defending it becomes the highest priority.
This is particularly true in today’s 24 hour news cycle, fuelled by government investigations,
Congressional or parliamentary hearings, lawsuits, and "gotcha journalism". When events like these happen,
the media firestorm can quickly overwhelm the ability of the entity to effectively respond to the demands
of the crisis. To emerge with its reputation intact, an organization must anticipate every move and respond
immediately and with confidence. Companies facing such a threat will often bring in experienced crisis
communications specialists to help prepare and guide them through the process.
Effectively responding to the challenges of a crisis requires more than the typical skills of the public
relations professional, requiring instead experience at the highest levels of the field, such as
investigative reporting, politics, and the White House.
Crisis communication can include crafting thorough and compelling statements, known as “messages,” often
tested by research and polling. A rapid response capability—pioneered by the 1992 Clinton-Gore campaign operatives and refined during Bill Clinton's eight years under
attack by his political adversaries while in the White House, has also become an essential element of crisis
communication. Additional tactics may include proactive media outreach to get messages and context to the
media, identifying and recruiting credible third-party allies who can attest to the company’s side of the
story, and striking first, not waiting to be hit.
Crisis communication is a part of larger process referred to as crisis management though it may well be a
major tool of handling a crisis situation in government, organization or business.
Crisis Communication is also sometimes considered a sub-speciality of the Business Continuity area of modern
business. The aim of crisis communication in this context is to assist organisations to achieve continuity
of critical business processes and information flows under crisis, disaster or event driven circumstances.
Responding quickly, efficiently, effectively and in a premeditated way are the primary objectives of an
effective crisis communication strategy and/or solution. Harnassing technology and people to ensure a rapid
and co-ordinated response to a range of potentially crippling scenarios distinguishes a well thought out and
executed plan from a poorly or ill-considered one. The inherent lag time in marshalling responses to a crisis
can result in considerable losses to company revenues, reputation as well as substantially impacting on costs.
Effective crisis communication strategies will typically consider achieving most, if not all, of the following
objectives:
* Maintain connectivity
* Be readily accessible to the news media
* Show empathy for the people involved
* Allow distributed access
* Streamline communication processes
* Maintain information security
* Ensure uninterrupted audit trails
* Deliver high volume communications
* Support multi-channel communications
* Remove dependencies on paper based processes
By definition a crisis is an unexpected and detrimental situation or event. Crisis communication can play a
significant role by transforming the unexpected into the anticipated and responding accordingly.
Some of the most effective recent examples of crisis communication include Richard Branson's (Virgin) and John
Armitt's (Network Rail) dignified press conference after the Grayrigg rail disaster of 2007 and US Airways
handling of the media after their crashlanding on the Hudson river.[3]
References
1. ^ Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (1998). Communication, organization, and crisis.
Communication Yearbook, 21, 231-275.
2. ^ Venette, S. J. (2003). Risk communication in a High Reliability Organization: APHIS PPQ's inclusion
of risk in decision making. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Proquest Information and Learning.
3. ^ Communicate magazine Masters of Disaster, Communicate magazine, June 2009
specific, unexpected, and non-routine events or series of events that [create] high levels of uncertainty
and threat or perceived threat to an organization's high priority goals." Thus the first three
characteristics are that the event is 1. unexpected (i.e., a surprise), 2. creates uncertainty, and 3.
is seen as a threat to important goals. Venette[2] argues that "crisis is a process of transformation
where the old system can no longer be maintained." Therefore the fourth defining quality is the need
for change. If change is not needed, the event could more accurately be described as a failure.
Crisis communication can be broadly defined as the exchange of information before, during, or after a
crisis event (as defined above).
Crisis communication is sometimes considered a sub-specialty of the public relations profession that is
designed to protect and defend an individual, company, or organization facing a public challenge to its
reputation. These challenges may come in the form of an investigation from a government agency, a
criminal allegation, a media inquiry, a shareholders lawsuit, a violation of environmental regulations,
or any of a number of other scenarios involving the legal, ethical, or financial standing of the entity.
Crisis communication professionals preach that an organization’s reputation is often its most valuable
asset. When that reputation comes under attack, protecting and defending it becomes the highest priority.
This is particularly true in today’s 24 hour news cycle, fuelled by government investigations,
Congressional or parliamentary hearings, lawsuits, and "gotcha journalism". When events like these happen,
the media firestorm can quickly overwhelm the ability of the entity to effectively respond to the demands
of the crisis. To emerge with its reputation intact, an organization must anticipate every move and respond
immediately and with confidence. Companies facing such a threat will often bring in experienced crisis
communications specialists to help prepare and guide them through the process.
Effectively responding to the challenges of a crisis requires more than the typical skills of the public
relations professional, requiring instead experience at the highest levels of the field, such as
investigative reporting, politics, and the White House.
Crisis communication can include crafting thorough and compelling statements, known as “messages,” often
tested by research and polling. A rapid response capability—pioneered by the 1992 Clinton-Gore campaign operatives and refined during Bill Clinton's eight years under
attack by his political adversaries while in the White House, has also become an essential element of crisis
communication. Additional tactics may include proactive media outreach to get messages and context to the
media, identifying and recruiting credible third-party allies who can attest to the company’s side of the
story, and striking first, not waiting to be hit.
Crisis communication is a part of larger process referred to as crisis management though it may well be a
major tool of handling a crisis situation in government, organization or business.
Crisis Communication is also sometimes considered a sub-speciality of the Business Continuity area of modern
business. The aim of crisis communication in this context is to assist organisations to achieve continuity
of critical business processes and information flows under crisis, disaster or event driven circumstances.
Responding quickly, efficiently, effectively and in a premeditated way are the primary objectives of an
effective crisis communication strategy and/or solution. Harnassing technology and people to ensure a rapid
and co-ordinated response to a range of potentially crippling scenarios distinguishes a well thought out and
executed plan from a poorly or ill-considered one. The inherent lag time in marshalling responses to a crisis
can result in considerable losses to company revenues, reputation as well as substantially impacting on costs.
Effective crisis communication strategies will typically consider achieving most, if not all, of the following
objectives:
* Maintain connectivity
* Be readily accessible to the news media
* Show empathy for the people involved
* Allow distributed access
* Streamline communication processes
* Maintain information security
* Ensure uninterrupted audit trails
* Deliver high volume communications
* Support multi-channel communications
* Remove dependencies on paper based processes
By definition a crisis is an unexpected and detrimental situation or event. Crisis communication can play a
significant role by transforming the unexpected into the anticipated and responding accordingly.
Some of the most effective recent examples of crisis communication include Richard Branson's (Virgin) and John
Armitt's (Network Rail) dignified press conference after the Grayrigg rail disaster of 2007 and US Airways
handling of the media after their crashlanding on the Hudson river.[3]
References
1. ^ Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (1998). Communication, organization, and crisis.
Communication Yearbook, 21, 231-275.
2. ^ Venette, S. J. (2003). Risk communication in a High Reliability Organization: APHIS PPQ's inclusion
of risk in decision making. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Proquest Information and Learning.
3. ^ Communicate magazine Masters of Disaster, Communicate magazine, June 2009
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